Showing posts with label Vulnerable. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Vulnerable. Show all posts

Friday, April 21, 2017

Beware! Dozens of Linksys Wi-Fi Router Models Vulnerable to Multiple Flaws


Thursday, April 20, 2017 Swati Khandelwal



Bad news for consumers with Linksys routers: Cybersecurity researchers have disclosed the existence of nearly a dozen of unpatched security flaws in Linksys routers, affecting 25 different Linksys Smart Wi-Fi Routers models widely used today.

IOActive's senior security consultant Tao Sauvage and independent security researcher Antide Petit published a blog post on Wednesday, revealing that they discovered 10 bugs late last year in 25 different Linksys router models.

Out of 10 security issues (ranging from moderate to critical), six can be exploited remotely by unauthenticated attackers.

According to the researchers, when exploited, the flaws could allow an attacker to overload the router, force a reboot by creating DoS conditions, deny legitimate user access, leak sensitive data, change restricted settings and even plant backdoors.



Many of the active Linksys devices exposed on the internet scanned by Shodan were using default credentials, making them susceptible to the takeover.

Researchers found more than 7,000 devices impacted by the security flaws at the time of the scan, though this does not include routers protected by firewalls or other network protections.

"We performed a mass-scan of the ~7,000 devices to identify the affected models," IOActive says. "We found that 11% of the ~7000 exposed devices were using default credentials and therefore could be rooted by attackers."IOActive made Linksys aware of the issues in January this year and is working "closely and cooperatively" with the company ever since to validate and address the vulnerabilities.


Here's How critical are these Flaws:
The researchers did not reveal more details about the vulnerabilities until the patch is made available to users, although they said two of the flaws could be used for denial-of-service attacks on routers, making them unresponsive or reboot by sending fraudulent requests to a specific API.

Other flaws could allow attackers to bypass CGI scripts to collect sensitive data such as firmware versions, Linux kernel versions, running processes, connected USB devices, Wi-Fi WPS pins, firewall configurations, FTP settings, and SMB server settings.

CGI, or Common Gateway Interface, is a standard protocol which tells the web server how to pass data to and from an application.



Researchers also warned that attackers those have managed to gain authentication on the devices can inject and execute malicious code on the device's operating system with root privileges.

With these capabilities in hands, attackers can create backdoor accounts for persistent access that are even invisible in the router smart management console and so to legitimate administrators.

However, researchers did not find an authentication bypass that can allow an attacker to exploit this flaw.


List of Vulnerable Linksys Router Models:
Here's the list of Linksys router models affected by the flaws:

EA2700, EA2750, EA3500, EA4500v3, EA6100, EA6200, EA6300, EA6350v2, EA6350v3, EA6400, EA6500, EA6700, EA6900, EA7300, EA7400, EA7500, EA8300, EA8500, EA9200, EA9400, EA9500, WRT1200AC, WRT1900AC, WRT1900ACS, and WRT3200ACM.

The majority of the exposed devices (nearly 69%) are located in in the United States, and others are spotted in countries including Canada (almost 10%), Hong Kong (nearly 1.8%), Chile (~1.5%), and the Netherlands (~1.4%).

A small percentage of vulnerable Linksys routers have also been spotted in Argentina, Russia, Sweden, Norway, China, India, UK, and Australia.


Here's How you can Mitigate Attacks originating from these Flaws:
As temporary mitigation, Linksys recommended its customers to disable the Guest Network feature on any of its affected products to avoid any attempts at the malicious activity.

The company also advised customers to change the password in the default account in order to protect themselves until a new firmware update is made available to patch the problems.

Linksys is working to release patches for reported vulnerabilities with next firmware update for all affected devices. So users with Smart Wi-Fi devices should turn ON the automatically update feature to get the latest firmware as soon as the new versions arrive.

Tuesday, September 27, 2016

Firefox Browser vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle Attack


firefox-tor
A critical vulnerability resides in the fully-patched version of the Mozilla's Firefox browser that could allow well-resourced attackers to launch man-in-the-middle (MITM) impersonation attacks and also affects the Tor anonymity network.

The Tor Project patched the issue in the browser's HTTPS certificate pinning system on Friday with the release of its Tor Browser version 6.0.5, while Mozilla still has to patch the critical flaw in Firefox.

Attackers can deliver Fake Tor and Firefox Add-on Updates


The vulnerability could allow a man-in-the-middle attacker who is able to obtain a forged certificate for addons.mozilla.org to impersonate Mozilla servers and as a result, deliver a malicious update for NoScript, HTTPS Everywhere or other Firefox extensions installed on a targeted computer.
"This could lead to arbitrary code execution [vulnerability]," Tor officials warned in an advisory. "Moreover, other built-in certificate pinnings are affected as well."
Although it would be challenging to obtain a fraudulent certificate for addons.mozilla.org from any one of several hundred Firefox-trusted certificate authorities (CAs), it is within reach of powerful nation states attackers.

The vulnerability was initially discovered Tuesday by a security expert that goes by the name of @movrcx, who described the attacks against Tor, estimating attackers would need US$100,000 to launch the multi-platform attacks.

Actual Issue resides in Firefox's Certificate Pinning Procedure


However, according to a report posted Thursday by independent security researcher Ryan Duff, this issue also affects Firefox stable versions, although a nightly build version rolled out on September 4 is not susceptible.

Duff said the actual problem resides in Firefox's custom method for handling "Certificate Pinning," which is different from the IETF-approved HPKP (HTTP Public Key Pinning) standard.

Certificate Pinning is an HTTPS feature that makes sure the user's browser accepts only a specific certificate key for a particular domain or subdomain and rejects all others, preventing the user from being a victim of an attack made by spoofing the SSL certs.

While not very popular, HPKP standard is often used on websites that handle sensitive information.
"Firefox uses its own static key pinning method for its own Mozilla certifications instead of using HPKP," says Duff. "The enforcement of the static method appears to be much weaker than the HPKP method and is flawed to the point that it is bypassable in this attack scenario."
Mozilla is scheduled to release Firefox 49 on September 20, so the team has enough time to deliver a fix. The Tor Project took just one day to address the flaw after the bug's disclosure went online.

Users of Tor Browser should update to version 6.0.5, while Firefox users should disable automatic add-on updates, a default feature in the browser, or should consider using a different browser until Mozilla releases the update

'USB Killer 2.0' Shows That Most USB-Enabled Devices Are Vulnerable To Power Surge Attacks

Last year, a Russian hacker demonstrated a “USB Killer.” Once connected, the USB device sendshigh-voltage negative DC through a USB port until it fries the circuitry of the host device. The device was effective, but it never became commercially available.

USB Killer 2.0

Now, a company from Hong Kong is commercializing both a similar device-frying USB stick called “USB Killer 2.0” and a “USB Killer Test Shield,” which helps to test electronic devices against this type of attack.
The company said it had built its own USB killer (version 1.0) internally about a year ago, as well. Due to popular demand, and after seeing that (with the exception of Apple) no other device maker had built-in protections against this type of attack, it decided to commercialize it.

The Hong Kong company, which prefers to be referenced as USBKill.com to English speakers, also noted that other device makers had one year of warnings that such power surge attacks were possible, and that so far it has acted according to responsible disclosure best practices.
“To this day, according to our testing, the only company that releases hardware protected against a USB power-surge attack is Apple, on their Laptop and Desktop ranges. This means - despite adequate warning, and time to respond - the majority of consumer-level hardware manufacturers choose not to protect their customer's devices. We are disheartened by this lack of respect for customers,” said the Hong Kong company in a recent blog post.
“As is standard in the InfoSec industry, we are releasing the USB Killer 2.0 publicly, after one year of disclosure. We hope the attention will force manufacturers to respect a customer's investment in their product, and work to resolve the issue,” added the company.

How USB Killer 2.0 Works

When plugged into a USB port, a "USB killer" device rapidly charges its capacitors from the USB power source. Then, when it’s charged, it discharges -200V DC over the data lines of the host device. The charge/discharge cycle repeats multiple times per second until you remove the device from the USB port. This technique allows the USB Killer to instantly kill any computer or electronic device that has a USB port.

Device manufacturers can buy the "USB Killer Test Shield" to test their products against this type of attack. The device mimics the output functionality of the USB Killer 2.0 device without frying the host. The USB Killer 2.0 can be purchased for $49.95 USD, while the Test Shield can be had for $13.95 USD (free shipping and 50 percent discount for the Test Shield if you buy the two together).

USB Type-C Authentication

The USB Implementers Forum recently announced a new cryptographic authentication protocol for USB Type-C connectors that would stop unauthorized and uncertified devices from connecting to a computer or smartphone.
Steve Benson from USBKill.com agreed that this could solve the issue, but malicious attackers could still find vulnerabilities in the protocol to bypass it. Also, there’s a much easier solution to protect against power surge attacks:
"From my understanding, this proposal would indeed solve the problem - or at least create an additional hurdle," said Benson.
“Nothing would stop a would-be attacker from duplicating a signature - and I would imagine that it would depend on the implementation. If the host device allows any type of communication via the data lines, this could be vulnerable to a power surge.
The ultimate solution, and that which vendors in the enterprise field (and Apple, in the commercial field) - have implemented - is the humble opto-coupler: a plentifully available, cheap component - made exactly for this purpose,” he added.
The USB Killer attack seems reminiscent of the BadUSB exploit announced in 2014 at Black Hat. BadUSB is a firmware exploit, though, but it also left millions of computers potentially vulnerable because USB sticks don’t tend to be updated or patched against such attacks. Manufacturers could fix the USB Killer attack if they added power surge protections to their USB ports, as Benson suggested.
In the meantime, for the all of the existing computers out there that are vulnerable to USB Killer attacks, Benson suggested that users take these steps to protect themselves:
  • Don't trust unknown hardware
  • Use a USB condom (example)
  • Physically cap USB ports, similar to covering webcams

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